Spring Boot TDD 工作流
针对具有 80% 以上覆盖率（单元测试 + 集成测试）的 Spring Boot 服务的 TDD 指南。
适用场景
- 新功能或 API 端点开发
- Bug 修复或重构
- 添加数据访问逻辑或安全规则
工作流
1) 先写测试（测试应当失败）
2) 实现通过测试的最简代码
3) 在测试通过的情况下重构代码
4) 强制执行覆盖率检查 (JaCoCo)
单元测试 (JUnit 5 + Mockito)
@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
class MarketServiceTest {
@Mock MarketRepository repo;
@InjectMocks MarketService service;
@Test
void createsMarket() {
CreateMarketRequest req = new CreateMarketRequest("name", "desc", Instant.now(), List.of("cat"));
when(repo.save(any())).thenAnswer(inv -> inv.getArgument(0));
Market result = service.create(req);
assertThat(result.name()).isEqualTo("name");
verify(repo).save(any());
}
}
模式：
- 准备-执行-断言 (Arrange-Act-Assert)
- 避免部分 Mock；优先使用显式打桩 (Stubbing)
- 使用 @ParameterizedTest 处理用例变体
Web 层测试 (MockMvc)
@WebMvcTest(MarketController.class)
class MarketControllerTest {
@Autowired MockMvc mockMvc;
@MockBean MarketService marketService;
@Test
void returnsMarkets() throws Exception {
when(marketService.list(any())).thenReturn(Page.empty());
mockMvc.perform(get("/api/markets"))
.andExpect(status().isOk())
.andExpect(jsonPath("$.content").isArray());
}
}
集成测试 (SpringBootTest)
@SpringBootTest
@AutoConfigureMockMvc
@ActiveProfiles("test")
class MarketIntegrationTest {
@Autowired MockMvc mockMvc;
@Test
void createsMarket() throws Exception {
mockMvc.perform(post("/api/markets")
.contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
.content("""
{"name":"Test","description":"Desc","endDate":"2030-01-01T00:00:00Z","categories":["general"]}
"""))
.andExpect(status().isCreated());
}
}
持久层测试 (DataJpaTest)
@DataJpaTest
@AutoConfigureTestDatabase(replace = AutoConfigureTestDatabase.Replace.NONE)
@Import(TestContainersConfig.class)
class MarketRepositoryTest {
@Autowired MarketRepository repo;
@Test
void savesAndFinds() {
MarketEntity entity = new MarketEntity();
entity.setName("Test");
repo.save(entity);
Optional<MarketEntity> found = repo.findByName("Test");
assertThat(found).isPresent();
}
}
Testcontainers
- 使用可重用的 Postgres/Redis 容器来镜像生产环境
- 通过
@DynamicPropertySource将 JDBC URL 注入到 Spring 上下文中
测试覆盖率 (JaCoCo)
Maven 配置片段：
<plugin>
<groupId>org.jacoco</groupId>
<artifactId>jacoco-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>0.8.14</version>
<executions>
<execution>
<goals><goal>prepare-agent</goal></goals>
</execution>
<execution>
<id>report</id>
<phase>verify</phase>
<goals><goal>report</goal></goals>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
断言 (Assertions)
- 为了提高可读性，优先使用 AssertJ (
assertThat) - 对于 JSON 响应，使用
jsonPath - 对于异常：
assertThatThrownBy(...)
测试数据生成器 (Test Data Builders)
class MarketBuilder {
private String name = "Test";
MarketBuilder withName(String name) { this.name = name; return this; }
Market build() { return new Market(null, name, MarketStatus.ACTIVE); }
}
CI 命令
- Maven:
mvn -T 4 test或mvn verify - Gradle:
./gradlew test jacocoTestReport
记住：保持测试快速、隔离且具有确定性。测试行为，而不是实现细节。
